The Two Faces of Collaboration: Impacts of University-Industry Relations on Public Research

We analyze the impact of university-industry relationships on public research. Our inductive study of university-industry collaboration in engineering suggests that basic projects are more likely to yield academically valuable knowledge than applied projects. However, applied projects show higher degrees of partner interdependence and therefore enable exploratory learning by academics, leading to new ideas and projects. This result holds especially for research-oriented academics working in the ‘sciences of the artificial’ and engaging in multiple relationships with industry. Our learning-centred interpretation qualifies the notion of entrepreneurial science as a driver of applied university-industry collaboration. We conclude with implications for science and technology policy.University industry relations; Collaborative research; Contract research; Academic consulting; Science technology links; Engineering

The Emergence and Governance of Euroregions : The Case of the Euregio on the Dutch-German Border

Amb una història que data de la dècada de 1950, la EUREGIO és un de les més antigues euroregions a Europa. Es pot considerar com un cas exitós d'una regió transfronterera (CBR) en el sentit que s'ha establert fermament com una agència de fronteres dins del seu tram de la frontera holandesa-alemanya. L'EUREGIO també ha estat una de les protagonistes principals darrere de l'Associació de Regions Frontereres Europees (ARFE), que en les últimes dècades va actuar per difondre el model d'euroregió a tot el territori europeu. Aquest capítol té diversos objectius. En primer lloc, es presenta el cas de la EUREGIO i presenta evidència sobre la seva història, estructura orgànica i polítiques. En segon lloc, s'analitzen les condicions del context en què la EUREGIO ha sorgit i les estructures de govern que es van crear com a resultat. Es fa especial èmfasi en la posició i el paper de l'Euroregió en el context més ampli del marc de governança europea multinivell generat per la política de cohesió de la UE. El capítol conclou amb un intent d'avaluar l'èxit i l'impacte de la EUREGIO i una discussió dels reptes relacionats amb la doble funció de l'EUREGIO com a representant dels interessos de les autoritats locals i les agències de cohesió de la UE posada en pràctica de les polítiques.With a history dating back to the 1950s, the EUREGIO is among the oldest Euroregions in Europe. It can be considered as a successful case of a cross-border region (CBR) in the sense that it has firmly established itself as a border agency within its stretch of the Dutch-German border area. The EUREGIO has also been one of the main protagonists behind the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR) that over the last decades acted to spread the Euroregion model across the European territory. This chapter has several objectives. Firstly, it introduces the case of the EUREGIO and presents evidence on its history, organisational set-up and policies.1 Secondly, it analyses the context conditions under which the EUREGIO emerged and the governance structures that were created as a result. Particular emphasis is put on the position and role of the EUREGIO within the wider context of the European multi-level governance framework generated by EU cohesion policy. The chapter concludes with an attempt to evaluate the success and impact of the EUREGIO and a discussion of the challenges related to the EUREGIO's dual role as representative of local authority interests and EU cohesion policy implementation agency

The construction of new scales: a framework and case study of the EUREGIO cross-border region

The article proposes a framework for analysing re-scaling processes and applies it to a case study of the Dutch-German EUREGIO cross-border region. While much of the scale debate focuses on the causes and consequences of re-scaling, the article addresses the conditions and circumstances in which new territorial scales emerge and suggests a framework of necessary components of re-scaling processes. Informed by neo-Gramscian thinking, the scales debate as well recent analyses of regionalisation, these are formulated as: political mobilisation, governance building and strategic unification. The case study locates the EUREGIO case with respect to these dimensions. The article concludes that this framework can be used for studying and comparing other re -scaling cases and presents an initial typology for classifying cross-border regions

Cross-border co-operation as policy entrepreneurship: explaining the variable success of European cross-border regions

The article addresses the recent proliferation of Cross-Border Regions, or Euroregions, across the EU. It aims to explain why they have been more successfully institutionalised in some areas while they have had less success in others. It conceptualises Euroregions as the outcome of policy entrepreneurship strategies through which support is mobilised on the local level and the Euroregions are institutionalised into durable organisations. Based on a systematic comparison of three cases, the EUREGIO, Viadrina and Tyrol, it is shown how different administrative and institutional environments throughout the EU affect the ability of Euroregions to engage in policy entrepreneurship. At the same time, it is shown that is it premature to perceive Euroregions as new types of regional territorial entities; rather, they constitute an institutional form through which existing authorities engage in collective action across nation-state borders within the context of EU multi-level governance

Healing the scars of history: projects, skills and field strategies in institutional entrepreneurship

The article explores three dimensions of institutional entrepreneurship: the types of activity pursued by institutional entrepreneurs, their skills and their field strategies. Evidence is presented on the emergence of the 'Euroregion', an organizing template used by local authorities situated close to European borders for co-ordinating policies across borders. We trace the emergence and diffusion of the Euroregion template between 1950 and 2005 as the outcome of a process of institutional entrepreneurship. Based on the notion of projective agency, we identify three distinct types of projects institutional entrepreneurs are engaged in: interactional, technical and cultural projects. We also find that they deploy three types of skills relating to these project dimensions, i.e. political, analytical and cultural skills. Our evidence suggestions a time pattern governing the process of institutional entrepreneurship, involving an initial focus on interactional projects, a subsequent focus on technical projects and a predominance of cultural projects in the latter (diffusion) stage. Furthermore, we find that institutional entrepreneurs are able to identify and pursue opportunities by switching their institution-building projects between different fields. Our analysis thus offers new insights into the multi-dimensional and time-bound nature of institutional entrepreneurship

Policy entrepreneurship and multi-level governance: a comparative study of European cross-border regions

This article addresses the recent proliferation of Cross-Border Regions, or Euroregions, in Europe. It argues that EU multi-level governance patterns generate opportunities for entrepreneurial policy organisations to attract policy tasks and resources. This is conceptualised as policy entrepreneurship and applied to a comparative case study analysis of three Euroregions: EUREGIO (Germany – Netherlands), Viadrina (Poland – Germany) and Tyrol (Austria – Italy). The analysis focuses on the ability of these initiatives to establish themselves as autonomous organisations. It finds considerable variation across the cases in this respect. Following on from this, the paper shows how different administrative and institutional environments in different EU member states affect the ability of Euroregions to engage in policy entrepreneurship. It concludes that is it premature to perceive Euroregions as new types of regional territorial entities; rather, they are part of the policy innovation scenario enabled by EU multi-level governance

Las regiones transfronterizas : balance de la regionalización de la cooperación transfronteriza en Europa (1958-2007)

A mediados del siglo XX, apareció un nuevo fenómeno en Europa occidental y Escandinavia junto con la construcción de una Europa unida: la constitución de regiones transfronterizas y su institucionalización por medio de la cooperación entre ellas. Desde entonces, se han creado decenas de regiones transfronterizas, especialmente a partir de 1990, que mayoritariamente operan bajo las denominaciones de eurorregión, comunidad de trabajo o eurodistrito. Su distribución territorial igualmente se ha ampliado, y en la actualidad no existe prácticamente ninguna autoridad subestatal fronteriza que no participe en alguna iniciativa de cooperación. En el artículo, en primer lugar, se actualiza un recuento realizado anteriormente (Perkmann, 2003); a continuación, se presenta una aproximación a la historia de la regionalización de la cooperación transfronteriza en Europa (1958-2007), en la que se distinguen tres grandes etapas, y, por último, se analizan las características y la distribución de las regiones transfronterizas.A mitjan segle XX, va aparèixer un nou fenomen a l'Europa occidental i a Escandinàvia paral·lelament a la construcció d'una Europa unida: la constitució de regions transfrontereres i la seva institucionalització mitjançant la cooperació entre elles. Des de llavors, s'han creat desenes de regions transfrontereres, especialment d'ençà de 1990, que majoritàriament operen sota les denominacions d'euroregió, comunitat de treball o eurodistricte. La seva distribució territorial igualment s'ha ampliat, i actualment no existeix pràcticament cap autoritat subestatal fronterera que no participi en alguna iniciativa de cooperació. A l'article, en primer lloc, s'hi actualitza un recompte realitzat anteriorment (Perkmann, 2003); a continuació, s'hi presenta una aproximació a la història de la regionalització de la cooperació transfronterera a Europa (1958-2007), en la qual es distingeixen tres grans etapes, i, en darrer lloc, s'hi analitzen les característiques i la distribució de les regions transfrontereres.Au milieu du XXème siècle est arrivé un nouveau phénomène en Europe occidentale et en Scandinavie parallèlement avec la construction d'une Europe unie: la constitution des régions transfrontalières et son institutionnalisation grâce à la coopération transfrontalière. Depuis, ils sont arrivés des dizaines de régions transfrontalières, en particulier à partir de 1990, qui opèrent en majorité sous les dénominations d'eurorégion, communauté de travail ou eurodistrict. Sa distribution territoriale s'est également étendue et actuellement il n'existe pratiquement aucune autorité sous-étatique frontalière qui ne participe pas à des initiatives de coopération. Dans l'article on met d'abord à jour un recompte effectué précédemment (Perkmann, 2003); ensuite on présente un rapprochement à l'histoire de la régionalisation de la coopération transfrontalière en Europe (1958-2007) où on distingue trois grandes étapes; et finalement, on analyse les caractéristiques et la distribution des régions transfrontalières.In the middle of 20th century a new phenomenon appeared in Western Europe and Scandinavia, parallel to the construction of a united Europe: the constitution of cross-border regions and their institutionalization by means of cross-border cooperation. Since then dozens of cross-border regions have appeared, especially since 1990, which for the most part fall under the denominations of euroregion, working community or eurodistrict. Their territorial distribution also has been increased, and at present there is virtually no substate border authority that does not take part in some cooperation initiative. In the article, first, an inventory previously elaborated (Perkmann, 2003) is updated; then an approach to the history of the regionalization of cross-border cooperation in Europe (1958-2007) is drawn, in which three great stages are distinguished; and, finally, there is an analysis of the characteristics and distribution of the cross-border regions

Las regiones transfronterizas : balance de la regionalización de la cooperación transfronteriza en Europa (1958-2007)

A mediados del siglo XX, apareció un nuevo fenómeno en Europa occidental y Escandinavia junto con la construcción de una Europa unida: la constitución de regiones transfronterizas y su institucionalización por medio de la cooperación entre ellas. Desde entonces, se han creado decenas de regiones transfronterizas, especialmente a partir de 1990, que mayoritariamente operan bajo las denominaciones de eurorregión, comunidad de trabajo o eurodistrito. Su distribución territorial igualmente se ha ampliado, y en la actualidad no existe prácticamente ninguna autoridad subestatal fronteriza que no participe en alguna iniciativa de cooperación. En el artículo, en primer lugar, se actualiza un recuento realizado anteriormente (Perkmann, 2003); a continuación, se presenta una aproximación a la historia de la regionalización de la cooperación transfronteriza en Europa (1958-2007), en la que se distinguen tres grandes etapas, y, por último, se analizan las características y la distribución de las regiones transfronterizas.A mitjan segle XX, va aparèixer un nou fenomen a l'Europa occidental i a Escandinàvia paral·lelament a la construcció d'una Europa unida: la constitució de regions transfrontereres i la seva institucionalització mitjançant la cooperació entre elles. Des de llavors, s'han creat desenes de regions transfrontereres, especialment d'ençà de 1990, que majoritàriament operen sota les denominacions d'euroregió, comunitat de treball o eurodistricte. La seva distribució territorial igualment s'ha ampliat, i actualment no existeix pràcticament cap autoritat subestatal fronterera que no participi en alguna iniciativa de cooperació. A l'article, en primer lloc, s'hi actualitza un recompte realitzat anteriorment (Perkmann, 2003); a continuació, s'hi presenta una aproximació a la història de la regionalització de la cooperació transfronterera a Europa (1958-2007), en la qual es distingeixen tres grans etapes, i, en darrer lloc, s'hi analitzen les característiques i la distribució de les regions transfrontereres.Au milieu du XXème siècle est arrivé un nouveau phénomène en Europe occidentale et en Scandinavie parallèlement avec la construction d'une Europe unie: la constitution des régions transfrontalières et son institutionnalisation grâce à la coopération transfrontalière. Depuis, ils sont arrivés des dizaines de régions transfrontalières, en particulier à partir de 1990, qui opèrent en majorité sous les dénominations d'eurorégion, communauté de travail ou eurodistrict. Sa distribution territoriale s'est également étendue et actuellement il n'existe pratiquement aucune autorité sous-étatique frontalière qui ne participe pas à des initiatives de coopération. Dans l'article on met d'abord à jour un recompte effectué précédemment (Perkmann, 2003); ensuite on présente un rapprochement à l'histoire de la régionalisation de la coopération transfrontalière en Europe (1958-2007) où on distingue trois grandes étapes; et finalement, on analyse les caractéristiques et la distribution des régions transfrontalières.In the middle of 20th century a new phenomenon appeared in Western Europe and Scandinavia, parallel to the construction of a united Europe: the constitution of cross-border regions and their institutionalization by means of cross-border cooperation. Since then dozens of cross-border regions have appeared, especially since 1990, which for the most part fall under the denominations of euroregion, working community or eurodistrict. Their territorial distribution also has been increased, and at present there is virtually no substate border authority that does not take part in some cooperation initiative. In the article, first, an inventory previously elaborated (Perkmann, 2003) is updated; then an approach to the history of the regionalization of cross-border cooperation in Europe (1958-2007) is drawn, in which three great stages are distinguished; and, finally, there is an analysis of the characteristics and distribution of the cross-border regions

Academic Engagement:A review of the literature 2011-2019

We provide a systematic review of the literature on academic engagement from 2011 onwards, which was the cut-off year of a previous review article published in Research Policy. Academic engagement refers to knowledge-related interactions of academic scientists with external organisations. It includes activities such as collaborative research with industry, contract research, consulting and informal ties. We consolidate what is known about the individual, organisational and institutional antecedents of academic engagement, and its consequences for research, commercialisation, and society at large. Our results suggest that individual characteristics associated with academic engagement include being scientifically productive, senior, male, locally trained, and commercially experienced. Academic engagement is also socially conditioned by peer effects and disciplinary characteristics. In terms of consequences, academic engagement is positively associated with academics’ subsequent scientific productivity. We propose new areas of investigation where evidence remains inconclusive, including individual life cycle effects, the role of organisational contexts and incentives, cross-national comparisons, and the impact of academic engagement on the quality of subsequent research as well as the educational, commercial and society-wide impact